Diameter of ureteral access sheath and ureteral stenosis development: a systematic review

Purpose: Ureteral access sheaths (UAS) are widely used in ureteroscopy. UAS are believed to pose a significant risk for ureteral stenosis due to ureteral mucosal compression, but little evidence supports this claim. Our systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between different UAS diameters and stenosis risk. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane, from its inception to May 2023. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane guidelines were followed. χ2 test was performed to compare the prevalence within the groups. Results: Six nonrandomized trials and one randomized, with a total of 962 patients, were included. The overall incidence of ureteral stenosis of 0.9%. UAS sizes were: 9.5/11.5Fr, 10/12Fr, 11/13Fr, 12/14Fr, and 14/16Fr. Within each subgroup, the incidence of ureteral stenosis was: 0.4, 8, 0, 1, and 1% (p = 0.099). No trend for stenosis was observed among larger UAS. Conclusions: In this systematic review, no relationship between UAS diameter and incidence of ureteral stenosis was observed. Nonetheless, additional randomized controlled trials are required to support this finding.

Endoscopic Holmium Laser harvesting of bladder mucosal graft for substitution urethroplasty

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tissue transfer has been used in urethral reconstruction for decades, and several grafts have been described (1, 2). The ideal graft would have optimal tissue characteristics and lead to minimal morbidity at the donor site. Urethroplasty using bladder mucosa was first described by Memmelaar in 1947 (3). The main limitation in using bladder mucosal grafts has been the invasiveness of open harvesting (4). We describe an endoscopic technique using Holmium: YAG laser to harvest bladder mucosal graft for substitution urethroplasty. Methodology: A 33-year-old male with no history of urethral instrumentation, trauma, or infection presented with obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms. On retrograde urethrogram a 6cm bulbar urethral stricture was identified. Several options were discussed, and the patient opted for a one-sided onlay dorsal urethroplasty (5) using a bladder mucosal graft. Equipment used to harvest the graft included an 18.5Fr continuous flow laser endoscope with a Kuntz working element (RZ) and a 60W Holmium Laser (Quanta) with 550μm laser fiber. The procedure was started by making a perineal incision, urethral mobilization and incision of the stricture segment. The laser endoscope was then introduced via the perineum. Settings of 0.5J, 30 Hz, and long pulse were used and a 7 x 2.5cm graft was harvested from the posterior bladder wall. Hemostasis of the harvest site was performed. The bladder mucosal graft was thinned in similar fashion to a buccal mucosal graft and sutured as per previously described techniques. Conclusion: Endoscopic Holmium Laser harvesting of bladder mucosal graft is feasible and may allow this graft to become an alternative to buccal mucosa. Further studies are required to define its role in urethral reconstruction.

Factors predicting the development of urethral stricture after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the rate of urethral stricture development, predictor factors, and the reliability following bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate. METHODS: A total of 124 patients participated in this study. Patient data were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into group 1 (those who developed urethral stricture) and group 2 (those who did not develop urethral stricture). Annual checkups were performed after the postoperative months 1 and 6. The patients were checked by uroflowmetry + post-voiding residue and international index of erectile function. We evaluated the complications that developed during the perioperative period according to the Clavien system. RESULTS: Urethral stricture developed in 10.5% (13/124) of the patients. It was found that patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for the second time (p=0.007), patients with a preoperative catheter or history of catheter insertion (p=0.009), patients with high preoperative median white blood cell (103) counts (p=0.013), and patients with long postoperative catheterization time had a higher rate of urethral stricture after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (p=0.046). No grade 4 and grade 5 complications were observed according to the Clavien system in patients. CONCLUSION: Factors such as second transurethral resection of the prostate surgery, history of preoperative catheter insertion, high postoperative white blood cell count, and long postoperative catheterization time increase the risk of urethral stricture after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate.

Pirfenidone alleviates urethral stricture following urethral injury in rats by suppressing TGF-β1 signaling and inflammatory response / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of pirfenidone for reducing urethral stricture following urethral injury in rats and explore the possible mechanism.@*METHODS@#Thirty male SD rats were randomly assigned into negative control group, positive control group and pirfenidone group (n=10). In pirfenidone and positive control groups, the rats were subjected to incision of the posterior urethral cavernous body followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of pirfenidone (100 mg/kg) and an equivalent volume of solvent, respectively. The rats in the negative control group were given intraperitoneal injections of solvent without urethral injury. At two weeks after modeling, retrograde urethrography was performed for observing urethral stricture, and the injured urethral tissues were harvested for HE staining, Masson staining, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting for detecting the protein expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β1. The mRNA expressions of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were detected using qRT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#The body weight of the rats in pirfenidone group was significantly decreased compared with that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Retrograde urethrography showed significant narrowing of the urethra in the positive control group but not in the pirfenidone group. HE staining of the injured urethral tissues showed obvious proliferation of urethral epithelial cells with narrow urethral cavity and increased inflammatory cells in positive control group. The pathological findings of the urethra were similar between pirfenidone group and the negative control group. Masson staining revealed obviously reduced collagen fibers and regular arrangement of the fibers in pirfenidone group as compared to the positive control group. Compared with those in the negative control group, the expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β1 were significantly increased in the positive control group, and pirfenidone treatment significantly inhibited their expressions (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Pirfenidone also significantly inhibited the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the injured urethral tissue (P < 0.05 or 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Pirfenidone can prevent urethral fibrosis and stricture after urethral injury possibly by inhibiting the TGF-β1 pathway and inflammatory response.

Clinical Characteristics and Gene Mutations in 186 Cases of Kindler Syndrome / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and genetic mutations in Kindler syndrome(KS)and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of KS. Methods The clinical data of one case of KS from Peking Union Medical College Hospital and 185 cases reported in literature were collected. The gene mutation types,patient clinical data,and tumor characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 186 cases were enrolled,including 110 males and 76 females,with the mean age of(28±16)years. The data of gene mutation and specific clinical manifestations were available in 151 and 94 patients,respectively. The main clinical manifestations of KS included poikiloderma,occurrence of blister in childhood,and photosensitivity,and the secondary clinical manifestations included oral inflammation,palmoplantar keratoderma,webbing/pseudoainhum,dysphagia,urethral stricture and so on.Oral inflammation(r=0.234,P=0.023),palmoplantar keratoderma(r=0.325,P=0.001),webbing/pseudoainhum(r=0.247,P=0.016),dysphagia(r=0.333,P=0.001),urethral stricture(r=0.280,P=0.006)were significantly correlated with age,showing significantly higher incidence in the patients over 32 years old.Urethral stricture(χ2=11.292,P=0.001)and anal stenosis(χ2=4.014,P=0.045)were significantly correlated with sex,with higher incidence in males.Eighty different mutations were found in 151 patients,and the most common gene mutation was c.676C>T.Forty-one tumors occurred in 27 patients,among which squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 92.7%. The gene mutation site had no significant correlation with squamous cell carcinoma or patient country. Conclusions The c.676C>T in FERMT1 gene is the most common mutation in KS.The patients are prone to squamous cell carcinoma and mainly attacked at the exposure sites(hand and mouth).

Uretroplastia bulbar con injerto: Una actualización sobre las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas / Graft Urethroplasty for Bulbar Strictures: An Update on the Different Surgical Techniques

En pacientes con estrechez uretral bulbar de una longitud mayor a 2 cm, que no sean candidatos a otras técnicas, se realiza uretroplastia con injerto. Actualmente se emplean diversas técnicas, cada una con ventajas y desventajas propias. Describir las ventajas y desventajas de las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas actualmente en la uretroplastia con injerto, así como sus tasas de éxito. Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed, ClinicalKey y en ScienceDirect, utilizando las palabras claves: "urethral stricture," "urethroplasty," "oral graft" y "flap." Se utilizaron los estudios más relevantes, tanto originales como revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, en inglés y en español. Las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas ofrecen ventajas y desventajas teóricas frente a las otras, aunque las tasas de éxito en todas es cercana al 90%, sin ser una francamente superior frente a las demás. La elección de la técnica quirúrgica a realizar depende de las preferencias y experiencia del cirujano, dado que la tasa de éxito para todas las técnicas es similar.

In patients with urethral stricture longer than 2 cm who are not candidates for other techniques, graft urethroplasty is the most performed surgery. Currently, several techniques are used, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the surgical techniques currently used in graft urethroplasty, as well as their success rates. A search was made in PubMed, ClinicalKey and ScienceDirect, using the keywords: "urethral stenosis," "urethroplasty," "oral graft" and "flap." The most relevant original studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes were used, both in English and Spanish. The different surgical techniques offer theoretical advantages compared with the others, although the success rates in all are close to 90%, without being frankly superior compared with the others. The choice of the surgical technique to be performed depends on the preferences and experience of the surgeon, given that the success rate for all techniques is similar.

Does successful urethral calibration rule out significant female urethral stenosis? confronting the confounder- an outcome analysis of successfully treated female urethral strictures

ABSTRACT Objective: The diagnosis and treatment of female urethral stricture disease (FUSD) are practiced variably due to the scarcity of data on evaluation, variable definitions, and lack of long-term surgical outcomes. FUSD is difficult to rule out solely on the basis of a successful calibration with 14F catheter. In this study, we have tried to characterize the variable clinical presentation of FUSD, the diagnostic utility of calibration, videourodynamic study(VUDS), and urethroscopy in planning surgical management. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of records of 16 patients who underwent surgical management of FUSD was analyzed. The clinical history, examination findings, and the results of all the investigations (including uroflowmetry, VUDS findings, urethroscopy) they underwent, the procedures they had undergone, and the follow-up data were studied. Results: A total of 16 patients underwent surgical management of FUSD. 13 out of 16 patients had successful calibration with 14F catheter on the initial presentation. These 13 patients on VUDS demonstrated significant BOO and had variable stigmata of stricture on urethroscopy. The mean IPSS, flow rate, and PVR at presentation and after urethroplasty were 23.88±4.95, 7.72±4.25mL/s, 117.06±74.46mL and 3.50±3.44, 22.34±4.80mL/s, and 12.50±8.50mL, respectively. (p <0.05). The mean flow rate after endo dilation(17F) (n=12) was 11.4±2.5mL/s while after urethroplasty improved to 20.30±4.19mL/s and was statistically significant(p <0.05). Conclusions: An adept correlation between clinical assessment, urethroscopy findings, and VUDS is key in objectively identifying FUSD and planning surgical management. A good caliber of the urethra is not sufficient enough to rule out a significant obstruction due to FUSD. Early urethroplasty provides significantly better outcomes in patients who have failed dilation as a treatment.

A new double graft technique in urethroplasty for complex urethral stenosis: preliminary findings

ABSTRACT The management of complex urethral stenosis may involve different surgical techniques. As retraction of the graft may account for surgical failure, this risk increases in patients with more extensive stenosis requiring a graft of greater diameter. Although double grafts have already been used to maximize success in these cases, we propose a modified technique for urethroplasty with longitudinal urethral incision. The hypothesis was that this technique would increase the lumen by using only a urethral incision on the dorsal surface. Two patients presenting with recurrent urethral stenosis underwent urethroplasty using a double graft of oral mucosa that preserves the integrity of the spongy tissue and allows ventral inlay graft fixation using a midline relaxing incision in the portion of the urethra with stenosis. In both cases, the urethrocystoscopy and uroflowmetry performed after surgery showed a pervious and complacent urethra. After four and six months of follow-up, the postoperative outcomes were satisfactory for both patients. Further studies involving larger numbers of patients and long-term follow-up are required to evaluate the effectiveness of this method.

The effect of proliferative hypertrophic scars on determining treatment options for preventing recurrence of vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy: a single-center cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) following retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) significantly worsens quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between proliferative hypertrophic scar formation and VUAS, and predict more appropriate surgical intervention for preventing recurrent VUAS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional single-center study on data covering January 2009 to December 2019. METHODS: Among 573 male patients who underwent RRP due to prostate cancer, 80 with VUAS were included. They were divided into two groups according to VUAS treatment method: dilatation using Amplatz renal dilators (39 patients); or endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection (41 patients). The Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the characteristics of scars that occurred for any reason before development of VUAS. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 72 months (range 12-105) after RRP, 17 patients (21.3%) had recurrence of VUAS. Although the treatment success rates were similar (79.5% versus 78.0%; P = 0.875), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that dilatation using Amplatz dilators rather than endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection in patients with VSS scores 4, 5 and 6 may significantly reduce VUAS recurrence. A strong positive relationship was observed between VSS and total number of VUAS occurrences (r: 0.689; P < 0.001). VSS score (odds ratio, OR: 5.380; P < 0.001) and time until occurrence of VUAS (OR: 1.628; P = 0.008) were the most significant predictors for VUAS recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: VSS score can be used as a prediction tool for choosing more appropriate surgical intervention, for preventing recurrent VUAS.

Long term outcomes of one-stage augmentation anterior urethroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective is to summarize and characterize the long-term success of anterior augmentation urethroplasty in published series. The current literature on AU consists largely of retrospective series reporting intermediate follow-up and incompletely characterize the long term outcomes of AU. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was performed consistent with PRISMA guidelines to characterize long-term outcomes of AU with a minimum upper limit follow-up of 100 months. Penile/preputial skin flaps and graft and oral mucosal graft urethroplasties were included. The primary outcome was stricture-free survival for one-stage AU. Secondary analysis evaluated differences in outcomes based on two failure definitions: the need for intervention versus presence of recurrent stricture on cystoscopy or urethrography. Hazard rates were induced from the reported failure rates of one-stage AU and fixed and random effect models were fitted to the data. Additional subset analysis, removing potential confounders (lichen sclerosus, hypospadias and penile skin graft), was performed. Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria, and two studies reported separate outcomes for grafts and flaps, and thus were included separately in the analysis. The mean hazard rate across all studies was 0.0044, the corresponding survival rates at 1 year 0.948, 5 years 0.766, 10 years 0.587, and 15 years 0.45. Subset analysis of the 4 select and homogeneous studies noted 1, 5, 10, and 15 years survival rates of 0.97, 0.96, 0.74, and 0.63, respectively. Conclusions: The long-term success rates of augmentation urethroplasty are appear to be worse than previously appreciated and patients should be counseled accordingly.

Complicaciones en posoperatorio inmediato de cirugía uretral anterior; ¿existe relación con la recaída? / Early complications in urethral anterior surgery; is there any relationship with recurrence?

INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: La estrechez uretral puede causar síntomas miccionales, dolor, disfunción vesical y eyaculatoria. La tasa de complicaciones en uretroplastía anterior es baja. El principal objetivo es evaluar complicaciones del posoperatorio (pop) inmediato (dentro de los 30 días pop). El objetivo secundario es valorar la relación entre complicaciones y la tasa de recaída. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las uretroplastías anteriores realizadas entre octubre del 2012 y junio del 2017. Se valoró: reinternación, reingreso a cirugía, infarto agudo de miocardio, tromboembolismo de pulmón, trombosis venosa profunda, óbito, infecciones, dehiscencia de herida, hematomas, sangrados, etc. Se definió recaída a la necesidad de realizar cualquier instrumentación uretral secundaria a la uretroplastía. Las variables se analizaron estadísticamente con Chi square y Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes, con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Las edades fueron de 18 a 88 años (mediana, 61,5 años). En 58 pacientes, se utilizaron transferencia de tejidos (27 injertos y 31 colgajos). La longitud de la estrechez fue desde 1-15 cm (media, 3,25 cm). La iatrogénica (56%) fue la etiología más frecuente. 56 pacientes (63%) tenían tratamientos previos. La tasa de complicaciones pop inmediato fue del 32%, las infecciones fueron las más frecuentes. Según Clavien, se clasificaron: I: 40%; II: 47%; III: 10%; IV: 3%. Hubo 17 recaídas (18%), 13 dentro de los primeros 6 meses del pop. De los pacientes que presentaron complicaciones, recayó el 23%; solo 16% de los que no las presentaron (p: 0,4). Aquellos pacientes con complicaciones graves presentaron mayor tasa de recaída (p: 0,2). CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa de complicaciones pop inmediata de uretroplastía anterior fue de 32%; las infecciones fueron las más frecuentes. La mayoría fue Clavien I y II. La recaída fue mayor en aquellos pacientes que sufrieron complicaciones en pop inmediato.

INTRODUCCION/OBJECTIVE: Urethral stenosis can cause mictional symptoms, pain, bladder dysfunction and ejaculatory problems. Complications rate in anterior urethroplasty is low. Main objetive is to evaluate early post operatory complications Secondary objetive is to assess the relationship between complications and recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a restrospective review of our anterior urethroplasty database between October 2012 and June 2017. We recorded: patients readmission, return to operating room, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, death, infections, wound dehiscense, hematomas, bleedings, etc. We defined recurrence as any urethral instrumentation after urethroplasty. Variables were analyzed using Chi Square and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: 92 patients were included in the study with at least 12 months follow up. Age range was between 18-88 years. (median 61,5 years) Substitution urethroplasty were performed in 58 patients (grafts 27 and flaps 31) Urethral stenosis lenght range was between 1 and 15 cm (mean 3,25cm) Most frequent cause of urethral stenosis was iatrogenic (56%) 56 patients underwent previous treatment (63%) Complication rate in early post operative period was 32%, most of them infections. Clavien clasiffication: I: 40%; II: 47%; III: 10%; IV: 3%. There were 17 recurrences (18%), 13 during the first 6 months after surgery. 23 % of patients with complications had recurrence and only 16% of patients without, had recurrence (p:0,4) Patients with serious complications had greater recurrence rate (p: 0,2) CONCLUSION: Recurrence rate in early complications of anterior urethroplasty was 32%, most of them infections. Clavien I and II are the most frequent. Recurrence was greater in patients who suffered early complications

Comportamiento de las infecciones del sistema genitourinario en el Hospital Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández". Matanzas. 2014-2019 / Behavior of the genitourinary system infections in the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez". 2014-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: durante mucho tiempo los términos infección y sepsis han sido utilizados en forma alternativa, la tendencia actual es referirse al término infección como proceso bacteriano dependiente del germen. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de las infecciones urológicas en el servicio de urología del Hospital Universitario Comandante "Faustino Pérez Hernández", Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, a los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urología del hospital Faustino Pérez, mediante el método de pesquisaje activo en el periodo comprendido desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2019. Resultados: se comprobó que la mayor parte de la población sometida a estudio es adulta mayor, predominando el sexo masculino. Entre las patologías crónicas asociadas a infecciones se encuentran la diabetes mellitus, la insuficiencia renal crónica, las inmunodeficiencias. El uso de catéteres se presentó en más de un 64% de los pacientes con infecciones. La echerichia coli fue el germen de mayor incidencia seguido de la klepsiella, pseudomonas. Conclusiones: la hiperplasia benigna de próstata, las litiasis, estenosis uretrales y los tumores uroteliales y prostático, son las principales causas obstructivas asociadas a infecciones. Un grupo importante de los pacientes operados presentaron infección del sitio quirúrgico. La sensibilidad bacteriana ante los antibióticos mostró mayor sensibilidad a meropenem, aztreonam y amikacina (AU).

Summary Introduction: the terms infection and sepsis have being alternatively used during many years; the current tendency is referring to the term infection as a germ- dependent bacterial process. Objective: to characterize the behavior of urologic infections in urological service of the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez". Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional research has been made to the patients who have attended the urology service of the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez", using the method of active screening in the period from January 2014 until December 2019. Results: it was proved that the biggest part of the studied population is elder adult people, predominating the male sex. Diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, immunodeficiency were found among the chronic diseases associated to infections. The use of catheters was present in more than 64% of patients. Echerichia coli was the germ with highest incidence, followed by Klepsiella, andPseudomonas. Conclusions: benign prostatic hyperplasia, lithiasis, urethral stenosis, prostatic and urothelial tumors are the main obstructive causes associated to infections. An important group of patients who underwent surgery presented infections at the surgical site. Bacteria showed higher sensitivity to antibiotics like meropenem, aztreonam and amikacin (AU).

Outcomes of partial pubectomy assisted anastomotic urethroplasty for male patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the clinical outcomes of partial pubectomy assisted anastomotic urethroplasty for male patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect (PFUDD) and discuss the skills of partial pubectomy.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 63 male patients with PFUDD were retrospective reviewed. The procedure of the anastomotic urethroplasty was as follows: (1) circumferentially mobilizing the bulbar urethra; (2) separating the corporal bodies; (3) performing the urethral anastomosis after partial pubectomy and exposure of the healthy two ends of the urethra.@*RESULTS@#The mean age of the patients was (39.2±15.6) years (range: 15-72 years). The median time between incidents and operation was 15 months (range: 3-240 months) and the mean length of stricture was (3.85±0.91) cm (range: 1.5-5.5 cm). All the patients had undergone suprapubic cystostomy in acute setting. Thirteen patients (20.6%) were re-do cases and the patients who had undergone dilation, direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU), and open primary realignment were 22 (34.9%), 8 (12.7%), and 8 (12.7%), respectively. Assisted with partial pubectomy, the anastomotic urethroplasty had been successfully performed in all the patients. The mean time of operation was (160.2±28.1) min (110-210 min), and the mean evaluated blood loss was (261.1±130.3) mL (100-800 mL). There were 3 cases (4.8%) with perioperative blood transfusions. The postoperative complications were bleeding and urinary tract infection, which were controlled conservatively. The mean maximum urine flow rate was (23.7±7.4) mL/s (15.0-48.2 mL/s) after removing the catheters 4 weeks after urethroplasty. The median follow-up was 23 months (12-37 months). The urethroscopy showed 2 cases of stricture recurrences and 1 case of iatrogenic penile urethral stricture due the symptoms of urinary tract infection and decreased urine flow and all of them were successfully managed with dilation.@*CONCLUSION@#Partial pubectomy can effectively reduce the gap between the ends of the urethra and promote tension-free anastomosis during the anastomotic urethroplsty for patients with PFUDD. The skills of the procedure include good exposure of the anterior surface of pubic symphysis between the separated corporal bodies, carefully mobilizing and securing the deep dorsal vein of the penis, removing the partial pubic bone and the harden scar beneath the pubic bone for good exposure of the proximal urethral end.

La uretrografía como primer paso para hacer una buena reconstrucción uretral / Urethrography as a first step for good urethral reconstruction

La uretrografía es la aplicación de medio de contraste a través de la uretra, con el objetivo de "pintarla" completamente y poder ver toda su anatomía. De esta manera, se logra definir si la uretra esta sana o por el contrario, tiene áreas enfermas.[1] Hasta aquí, se podría considerar que es un estudio realmente sencillo y técnicamente fácil de realizar. Sin embargo, al llevarlo a la práctica, se trata de un estudio lleno de múltiples detalles que, si se tienen en cuenta, permitirán un mejor apoyo en la toma de decisiones en cuanto al diagnóstico y manejo de la estrechez uretral.

Urethrography is the application of contrast medium through the urethra, with the objective of "painting" it completely and being able to see all its anatomy. In this way, it is possible to define whether the urethra is healthy or, on the contrary, has diseased areas.[1] Up to this point, it could be considered a really simple study and technically easy to perform. However, when it is put into practice, it is a study full of multiple details that, if taken into account, will allow better support in making decisions regarding the diagnosis and management of urethral stricture.

The Urethroplasty Evolution and Rise of the Non-transecting Techniques for Bulbar Urethral Strictures / Evolución de la uretroplastia y auge de las técnicas no transectoriales para las estenosis uretrales bulbares

Urethral stricture disease is a relatively common urologic condition with an estimated incidence of 9/100,000 men younger than 65 years. The risk of stricture is markedly increased in patients older than 65 years with an incidence of 21/100,000, which is almost half the incidence for urolithiasis in this population. This indicates the importance and high burden of strictures.[1] Symptomatic patients typically present with obstructive urinary symptoms (e.g., incomplete emptying, straining, weak stream, etc.) and occasionally have a history of recurrent infections, hematuria, bladder stones, or renal failure.[2] More than half of strictures arise in bulbar urethra.

La estenosis uretral es una afección urológica relativamente frecuente, con una incidencia estimada de 9/100.000 varones menores de 65 años. El riesgo de estenosis aumenta notablemente en los pacientes mayores de 65 años, con una incidencia de 21/100.000, que es casi la mitad de la incidencia de urolitiasis en esta población. Esto indica la importancia y la elevada carga de las estenosis.[1] Los pacientes sintomáticos suelen presentar síntomas urinarios obstructivos (por ejemplo, vaciado incompleto, esfuerzo, chorro débil, etc.) y, en ocasiones, tienen antecedentes de infecciones recurrentes, hematuria, cálculos vesicales o insuficiencia renal.[2] Más de la mitad de las estenosis surgen en la uretra bulbar.

Estado de la urología reconstructiva en Colombia: Tratamiento de la estrechez uretral anterior, una encuesta nacional / Status of Reconstructive urology in Colombia: Treatment of Anterior Urethral Stricture, A National Survey

Purpose El tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la estrechez uretral tiene altas tasas de recurrencia y re-operación a largo plazo, no obstante, encuestas realizadas en otros países han demostrado que los urólogos tienen poca experiencia con la uretroplastia abierta y hay una preferencia a la utilización de las terapias endoscópicas mínimamente invasivas. El objetivo de este estudio, es describir patrones de práctica del tratamiento de la estrechez de uretra anterior en nuestro país. Métodos Se trata de un estudio observacional descriptivo y para ello se realizó un cuestionario adaptado a nuestro contexto nacional, basado en varios estudios previamente realizados acerca de la experiencia en Urología reconstructiva. Ese cuestionario incluía información sobre la edad, nivel de experiencia en urología general, la experiencia en urología reconstructiva, escenario de la práctica y las técnicas preferidas para el manejo de las estrecheces uretrales pendulares y bulbares. La información fue almacenada de forma anónima, los datos fueron analizados mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS y se realizó un análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Resultados Se obtuvieron 106 respuestas de los urólogos encuestados. Para el tratamiento de la estrechez uretral pendular la mayoría de los urólogos prefiere el manejo endoscópico mínimamente invasivo, seguido de uretroplastia con injerto con porcentajes de 69,9% y 25,5% respectivamente. Solo el 5% prefiere derivar a sus pacientes a un centro especializado. Para la estrechez de la uretra bulbar se prefiere las técnicas mínimamente invasivas, uretroplastia y remisión a un centro especializado en un 44,3%, 41,5% y 14,2% respectivamente. La población más joven y con formación urológica más reciente tiende a hacer más a menudo la uretroplastia con injerto y menos manejo endoscópico, específicamente la uretrotomía interna. En las ciudades intermedias, hay una predilección por el tratamiento endoscópico, especialmente uretrotomía interna. Conclusiones El enfoque de tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la estrechez uretral es el más frecuentemente elegido a pesar de sus pobres tasas de éxito a largo plazo. Es de destacar que las nuevas generaciones de urólogos muestran más interés y dominio de las técnicas abiertas, tratamiento estándar hoy en día y con bajas tasas de recaídas y reoperación a largo plazo.

The minimally invasive treatment of urethral stricture has higher recurrence and longterm re operation rates. Surveys in other countries have shown that urologists have little experience with open urethroplasty with a preference to the utilization of minimally invasive therapies. We applied a survey to obtain data about practice patterns of the anterior urethral stricture treatment in our country. Methods A survey was performed with adapted questions to our national context based on several surveys previously conducted in other countries about experience in Reconstructive Urology. This questionnaire included information about age, experience level in general urology, experience in reconstructive urology, scenario of practice, and the preferred techniques handling the pendular and bulbar urethral strictures. All information was collected anonymous and data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS, and a frequency distribution analysis was performed. Results A total of 106 answers from respondent urologists were obtained. For the treatment of pendular urethral strictures the vast majority of respondents prefer the minimally invasive endoscopic treatment, following by graft urethroplasty with percentages of 69.9% and 25.5% respectively. Only 5% prefer to refer their patients for care at a specialized center. Regarding the bulbar urethral the urologists prefers to perform minimally invasive management, followed by urethroplasty and refer to a specialized center in percentages of 44.3%, 41.5% and 14.2% respectively. The younger and more recent urological trained population tends to make more often graft urethroplasty and less endoscopic management, specifically internal urethrotomy. In the intermediate cities there is a predilection for endoscopic treatment especially internal urethrotomy. Conclusions The minimally invasive treatment approach of urethral stricture is the most frequently chosen despite its poor long-term success rates. It is noteworthy that the new generations of urologists show more interest and mastery of open techniques, which today is the standard treatment with low relapse and long-term re operation rates.